History of FC Barcelona

History of FC Barcelona

On 22 October 1899, Hans Gamper placed an advertisement in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club. Eleven players attended—Walter Wild (the first director of the club), Lluís d’Ossó, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Pujol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons, and William Parsons—and Foot-Ball Club Barcelona was born on 29 November.

FC Barcelona team records

World

• Year with most official titles: 2009, with 6: Copa del Rey, Liga, Champions League, Spanish Supercup, European Supercup and Clubs World Cup.

European

• Only team to have played in every season of European competitions since they started in 1955.
• Team with most European trophies: 15 (4 Champions Leauges, 4 European Cup-Winners Cups, 3 Fairs Cup and 4 European Super Cups)
• Team with most European Cup Winners Cups: 4 (1979, 1982, 1989, 1997).

Uniforms of the football  club (1.home; 2.away)

Camp  Nou,  Barcelona

Training camp of the Barcelona football club located in Barcelona (duh); it is the place they train and it is their home stadium; this stadium can carry 99,354 people; the biggest stadium in Europe and the 5th in the world.

FC Barcelona–United the City

Barcelona is not just a beautiful city, but also one of the vivid cities with full of sports. We can find different sections in Basketball, Handball, Futsal, Roller Hockey, and Amateur Sports.

The followings are going to introduce one of the sports based in Barcelona, named FC Barcelona, the most famous and international football club in the world.

Salmorejo

Making Salmorejo

Ingredients

• 1 lb / 450 g tomatoes
• 1 / 2 clove(s) of garlic
• 2 oz / 50 g white bread
• 1-2 tbsp vinegar
• olive oil
• sea salt

• diced Serrano ham
• hard-boiled egg

Method

1. Skin the tomatoes and remove their cores. Using a blender, liquefy the tomatoes and garlic and add the vinegar and seasoning. Soak the bread in water until tender, then wring it out.
2. Add half of the bread and blend until smooth. Continue adding bread and a little olive oil and blending until the cream has a smooth, creamy consistency.
3. Chill the purée and then serve in a shallow bowl, garnished with ham and egg and accompanied by fresh bread.

西班牙大鍋飯 /西班牙海鮮燉飯

此飯是西班牙人星期日和法耶火節(Falles)的食品。

名稱在當地語言是「鍋」的意思。

西班牙海鮮燉飯的基本的材料為米、橄欖油和藏紅花，再配以各種海鮮和肉。

時至今日，已有各形各色的大鍋飯（可配以香腸、雞、鴨、四季豆、小龍蝦、龍蝦等）

製作大鍋飯用的是專製的鍋，鍋身大、淺而平。傳統的大鍋飯，要用橘樹樹枝生火在室外烹煮。先以橄欖油炒肉，再下蔬菜。然後下米使油滲入。再加入沸騰的上湯，調低爐火。飯熟時離火使飯吸收剩餘汁液。放涼數分鐘後即可食用。食時可加上檸檬汁。用匙直接從鍋中取食。

當地人在製作完成時會說「bon profit」，是「好好享用」的意思，另外傳統上在食用時不可同時食用麵包。

History and Development

Flamenco was first mentioned in literature in 1774, the genre grew out of Andalusian and Romani music and dance styles. Flamenco is often associated with the gitanos (Romani people of Spain) and a number of famous flamenco artists are of this ethnicity. Flamenco was first recorded in the late 18th century but the genre underwent a dramatic development in the late 19th century. In that moment, there were Flamenco dancing show in many restaurants.

1774年佛蘭明高第一次見諸文字。佛蘭明高舞由安達盧西亞及吉卜賽人(又稱羅姆人)音樂及舞蹈演變出來，因此佛蘭明高舞經常與吉卜賽人聯繫起來，而著名的佛蘭明高舞者一般都是吉卜賽人。1869年到1910年被稱為佛蘭明高發展的黃金時期。在這一時期，在很多咖啡廳中有佛蘭明高表演。

There are significantly different in stepping between woman and man. For men heel work is essential to Flamenco dancing, but women tend to show body language with sensational movements.

男、女舞步有明顯區別：男的注重步法移動，而女的側重肢體語言。

At first, a typical flamenco recital with voice, guitar accompaniment, rhythmic clapping and stamping of the feet (cf. tap dance). Recently, cajón and castanets are often played by musicians singers or dancers.

響板(Castanets)

木箱鼓(cajón)

最初佛蘭明高只包括唱歌及佛蘭明高結他的伴奏，有節奏地拍手或踢踏，和配以舞蹈。近年來的伴奏樂器還包括木箱鼓(或稱鼓箱/卡宏)和舞娘手中的響板。

巴塞隆拿 — 鬥牛的沒落

西班牙老中青三代鬥牛士同場獻技，以瀟灑身手了結六隻狂牛性命，觀眾從未這般激動過，湧進場把三名勇士抬上膊頭慶祝。不過這天的最後勝利者，是場外的反鬥牛人士，他們成功爭取加泰羅尼亞（ Catalonia）地區禁止鬥牛，巴塞隆拿（ Barcelona）在2011年上演告別賽後，結束在當地有700年歷史的鬥牛傳統。

鬥牛應不應禁，在西班牙是反對虐畜對維護文化國粹之爭，在加泰羅尼亞，即再沾上分離主義政治味道。加泰羅尼亞議會去年應市民聯署要求，通過2012年1月1日起禁鬥牛，成為加那利群島以外，西班牙本土首個禁止鬥牛的地區。

在2011年巴塞隆拿紀念碑鬥牛場（ La Monumental）舉行的賽事，是當地今年鬥牛季節的最後一場。全場2萬張門券一早賣光，有鬥牛迷在鬥牛場過夜，等候見證歷史，黃牛黨趁機把門券炒至1,600歐元（16,872港元），是最貴門券的三倍價錢。

現在的巴塞隆拿紀念碑鬥牛場，已被改建為Las Arenas商場了。在Las Arenas商場中，你可以找到大量的名店、咖啡廳及餐館呢!同時，很多演唱會也會在這裡舉行。絕對值得到此一遊!

Should we support or against bullfighting

Arguments for bullfighting

The festivals are seen by many as an important part of Spanish tradition and history. Rather than a sport, bullfighting is seen as an art form and a cultural event, like a play or an opera.

Those who support the sport talk of the skill and agility that is displayed by those involved, especially the matadors.

Bullfighting is an established part of Portuguese and Spanish culture and supporters say that others should try to understand and respect this.

Arguments against bullfighting

There are two main arguments against the sport. Firstly that it is cruel and secondly that it inflicts pointless suffering on the animals involved.

Those against say that the odds are stacked against the bull and that the sport is cruel and evil.

Even though the death of the bull isn’t shown in Spain, the bulls are nearly always killed. Each year there are about 300 fights and around 2,500 bulls are killed in Portugal.

Animal rights campaigners claim that in Spain 30,000 bulls are killed in the ring each year.

Horses ridden by the matadors also suffer, as they get injured when they

clash with the bulls.

The fights can be dangerous and matadors have been killed during bullfights. One of the most famous bullfighters in history, Manolete, was killed in 1947.

Origins of Bullfighting

Modern Spanish bullfighting was originated in Ronda, Spain, and is therefore often referred to as the Ronda style. Ironically, this timeless style of bullfighting, which would go on to become an important part of Spanish culture, was developed by accident. At King Philip II’s Centre for Horsemanship in the late 1600s, a certain gentleman undergoing horsemanship training was unseated in the direct path of a bull. Thinking quickly, a local man named Francisco Romero used his hat to distract and redirect the bull. In doing so he both saved the life of the noble and invented a new form of bullfighting that would be perfected by his grandson, Pedro Romero (1754-1839).

Pedro Romero made bullfighting more entertaining by turning it into a dance, but his method was also more dangerous than the horseback bullfighting style. Matadors of the Ronda style therefore must be physically fit and quick witted. Pedro Romero made the matador the hero and star of the show, developing the red cape and various moves that impressed and entertained spectators.

鬥牛的過程

整個表演以鬥牛士入場拉開序幕，樂隊奏起了嘹亮的鬥牛士進行曲，樂曲聲中三位鬥牛士各自率自己的一班人馬分三列同時上場。他們擺著特有的姿勢繞場一周，隨後來到主席面前向他鞠躬致意。號角吹響，也就是告示牛欄大門敞開，牛飛奔而出。

整個鬥牛過程包括引逗、長矛穿刺、上花鏢及正式鬥殺四個部分。

引逗是整個表演的開鑼戲。由於此牛野性始發，所以由三個鬥牛士助手負責引逗其全場飛奔，消耗其最初的銳氣。

幾個回合過去，騎馬帶甲的長矛手出場，他們用長矛頭刺紮牛背頸部，使其血管刺破，進行放血。

長矛手完成任務後，由花鏢手徒步上場，手執一對木杆制、飾以花色羽毛或紙、前端帶有金屬利鉤的花鏢，孤身一人站立場中，並引逗公牛向自己發起衝擊。待公牛沖上來，便迅捷將花鏢刺入背頸部，如果刺中，利鉤會紮在牛頸背上，也起放血作用。

最後手持利劍和紅布的主鬥牛士上場，開始表演一些顯示功力的引逗及閃躲動作，如胸部閃躲，即讓牛沖向直線沖向自身時，腿一側滑，牛貼身沖過，以紅布甩向牛的面部，以激怒引逗公牛。

在最後階段，也即最後刺殺階段，也是鬥牛的高潮。鬥牛士以一把帶彎頭利劍瞄準牛的頸部，爾後既引逗牛向其沖來，自己也迎牛而上，沖上前把劍刺向牛的心臟。於是牛會在很短的時間內應聲倒地。。

如果牛被刺後，已失鬥性，但由於劍刺得不夠深或牛足夠強壯，會暫時還不倒地而死，這時鬥牛士或其助手會以十字劍或短劍匕首刺中牛的中樞神經部位，這時牛會立即倒地而死。

這時裝束著花飾的騾子車即會出場將牛拖走，鬥牛士會接受觀眾的歡呼致意，也可將帽子拋向觀眾，也接受觀眾的歡呼、掌聲和投來的鮮花，鬥牛士按刺殺水準的由低至高分別享有保留牛耳,保留牛尾,被從正門抬出的榮譽。

Bullfighting

Bullfighting is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France and some Hispanic American countries (Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Peru) in which one or more bulls are fought in a bullring. Although a blood sport, by definition, some followers of the spectacle prefer to view it as a ‘fine art’ and not a sport, as there are no elements of competition in the proceedings. In Portugal, it is illegal to kill a bull in the arena, so it is removed and either professionally killed or treated and released into its owners’ (ganadero) fields.

There are many historic fighting venues in the Iberian Peninsula, France and Hispanic America. The largest venue of its kind is the Plaza México in central Mexico City, which seats 48,000 people,and the oldest is the La Maestranza in Seville, Spain, which was first used for bullfighting in 1765.

Forms of non-lethal bullfighting also appear outside the Iberian and Francophone world, including the Tamil Nadu practise of jallikattu; and the Portuguese-influenced mchezo wa ngombe (Kiswahili for “sport with bull") is also practiced on the Tanzanian islands of Pemba and Zanzibar. Types of bullfighting which involve bulls fighting other bulls, rather than humans, are found in the Balkans, Turkey, the Persian Gulf, Bangladesh, Japan, Peru and Korea. In many parts of the Western United States, various rodeo events like calf roping and bull riding were influenced by the Spanish bullfighting.